Marriage Interview Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriage Interview - Term Paper Example This paper will highlight the questions discussed in the interview and an analysis of the answers that the interviewee provided. From the interview, it became clear that the foundation of the couple’s relationship has largely determined the stability level of their marriage. Agnes related how she met the man whom she agreed to marry three years later. According to her, she liked the composure, honesty, and maturity that were evident in her husband when they met. However, she delved further into describing the attributes that led her into the conviction that she had found a worthwhile partner. The three years of dating helped her establish whether the two of them were compatible and it revealed the patience and resilience that they had in making their relationship work (Chitambira, & Chitambira, 2011). During this period, they discussed their goals and dreams in order to understand each other’s personal interests. Agnes mentioned the most important aspects that a couple should discuss during dating. In her opinion, setting out how a couple will manage their finances when they are married is a central issue. In addition, a couple should understand the extended family and set boundaries for their intrusion into their marriage. Agnes revealed that she only moved into her husband’s apartment after their marriage. Unlike many couples, Agnes mentioned that not much has surprised her in their marriage because she was well aware that marriage often brings the unexpected. With this prior knowledge, the two of them were ready to live up to their commitment. Although challenges were to come their way, they had built the three most important pillars of their relationship. She mentions these as honest and effective communication, understanding, and trust. Agnes mentioned that these pillars have existed from the period of dating and the presence of these gives her faith that they can triumph over anything that comes their way (Parrott, & Parrott, 2006). A gnes admitted that they have been numerous challenges in their marriage. Only three years into her marriage, her husband lost his job. At the time, the couple’s son was only two months old. As a wife and mother, she had to make sacrifices for the family to survive one of the critical economic times. Her resilience and commitment were under test during this time. The couple gave each other immense support during this time and considered other avenues of making a living instead of relying on employment. After careful consideration, the couple invested their savings into her business. The hardest time of their marriage life produced the best outcome as Agnes describes. Currently, the couple has streams of businesses and has a level of security in the future. According to her, the financial constraint that resulted would have compromised their marriage, but they decided to make something positive out of it (McDonald, and McDonald, 2008). The couple has had other minor challenges, but they have managed to stick to each other. The story of their success seems impossible in a world where divorces are becoming a common procedure. Agnes mentioned that a couple should enter into marriage open-minded. According to her, a couple should be ready for challenges because they are inevitable. In addition, she highlighted the fact that each partner should have readiness of making sacrifices

Business in emerging markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business in emerging markets - Essay Example A conclusion is drawn based on the data presented why India has remained in its number one post despite emergence of competitors. Many large companies now practice outsourcing of jobs for reasons that they save on costs when they hire other companies to do the work for them. Many companies find this a better alternative as the work is done for them at a considerable less cost of money, and they have fewer overhead expenses to worry about. The need for outsourcing of jobs opened the opportunity for offshore outsource services that is offered by many countries in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East. Among these countries, the study of A.T. Keanney on offshore locations shows India occupying the top position as an offshore outsources services while that of the Central/Eastern Europe services fall. This study looks at the reasons why India has become number one in outsourcing services considering that there also other countries doing the same thing. Implication of the study will show the strength and weaknesses of competing countries that will be useful for decisions of countries using their services. To determine competitive advantage of India, Porter’s Five and PEST framework of Analysis are done to know the strong points and limitations of each country in the area of business process outsourcing. a. Supplier power. Under Porters framework, the role of quality and service play an important function in choosing a probable supplier. In this context, India has established its competitive edge with other countries because it boasts of 250 million English speaking workers possessing technical and scientific skills, 24 hours service and zero downtime. Foreign company tends to have 30 to 35% offshore cost savings because of low salary scale of workers in India. Starting salaries for IT engineers in India is from $5,000 to $10,000 which is comparatively lower in US standards. This salary however is already considered attractive in India whose annual per

Project Report on Consumer Preference towards Cadbury

Project Report on Consumer Preference towards Cadbury Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidy of Kraft Foods Inc.Cadbury began its operations in Indiain the year 1948 by importing chocolates. And after 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities at Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and 4 sales offices (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota and Chennai). The corporate office is in Mumbai. Cadburys core purpose is to make today delicious that captures the spirit of what they are trying to achieve as a business. The company makes delicious foods that people can feel good about. Whether one is considering itsown weight or preparing to celebrate, grabbing a quick bite or sitting down to family night, the company poursits hearts into creating foods that are wholesome and delicious. Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands it offers in India are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations. Today, Cadbury enjoys a value market share of over 70% the highest Cadbury brand share in the world.The companys billion-dollar brand Cadbury Dairy Milk is considered the gold standard for chocolates in India. The pure taste of CDM defines the chocolate taste for the Indian consumer. Cadbury has annual revenue of approximately $50 billion; the combined company is the worlds second largest food company, making delicious products for billions of consumers in more than 160 countries. It employs approximately 140,000 people and has operations in more than 70 countries. Corporate Social Responsibility Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, we have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Our Cocoa team visits farmers and advise them on the cultivation aspects from planting to harvesting. We also conduct farmers meetings seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. Our efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. Hardly surprising then that the Cocoa tree is called the Cadbury tree. Today, as a combined company with an unmatched portfolio in confectionery, snacking and quick meals, Cadbury and Kraft are poised in their leap towards quantum growth. They are the worlds No.1 Confectionery Company that we will continue to make today delicious. The Research Research objective: To measure consumer preference towards Cadbury chocolate bars. Need for the study: To find out the consumer preferences towards Cadbury chocolate Research methodology: Research tool: Questionnaire. Sampling technique: Random sampling Sampling size: 150 Sample frame: Respondents who have experienced eating cadbury chocolate bars. Sample locations: Equal numbers of respondents (75 each) were surveyed from both the cities of Mapusa and Panjim. Data collection method: Primary data: Primary data was collected directly from the respondents through distribution of structured questionnaire. Secondary data: Secondary data was collected from sources like internet, advertisement and TV commercials. Limitations of the research: As the research is restricted only to the two cities of Mapusa and Panjim, the results may not hold true for other cities, villages and entire Goa as a whole. The survey was conducted in a limited time of six weeks. Graphical representation Tools for analysis: Tools such as pie charts and percentages are used for the analyzing the data and getting to the conclusion. Do you eat chocolate? From the above analysis of the given sample of 150 respondents it is concluded that out of150 people 100% that is all 150 people likes to eat chocolate. Which brand of chocolate bars do you prefer to eat? From the above chat it is clearly seen that out of 150 respondents 82 (55%) like Cadbury, 56(37%) like nestle 11(7)like Mars and 1(1%) like others. Which sub-brand of above mentioned chocolate bar do you prefer to eat? Tick mark the option that are applicable to you. What form of chocolates do you prefer? What pack size do you normally prefer? How frequently do you buy your preferred chocolate bars? Rate the importance you give to the following factors while purchasing a chocolate: Price Quantity. Flavour Shape Brand Packaging How much satisfied are you with your preferred brand with respect to the following factors: Price Quantity Flavour Shape Brand Packaging Do you feel that your preferred chocolate is worth the price? Which promotional offers attract you the most? Which of these factors affect your purchase? Do you unlike any of the chocolate bars? If your preferred brand is not available for repeat purchase in the market what are you likely to do? If a similar product of another brand appears in the market, will you prefer to stop buying this brand and buy the new one? Will you recommend your preferred Cadbury chocolate bar to others? Gender Age group Occupation FINDINGS Majority of the people surveyed prefer Cadbury chocolate than Nestle chocolate. In Cadbury people prefer dairy milk the most. Taste wise too they like Cadbury dairy milk better. Most of the consumer of Cadbury dairy milk are loyal to the chocolate as the dairy milk chocolate is not available they dont switch to some other brand or chocolate they either postpone their purchase or they go to some other shop for repeat purchase. Shape of the chocolate bar is important for the people surveyed. The brand of the chocolate to matter a lot for the people Price and packaging too is very important for the people where chocolate are concerned. Quantity and flavour is very important for the people. Favourable price makes people buy chocolates even more. Where promotional factors are taken into consideration, price offers attract more customers than other offers. Advertisement affects the sales of chocolate bars more than any other thing. RECOMMENDATIONS Cadbury should focus on more advertisements, so that they can increase their sales even more and publicise their products They should try to give importance to price related offers to attract more customers because according to the survey it is indicated that people mostly prefer price related offers rather than other kind of offers. They can even come up with unique shapes of the bar to create a buzz in the market and gain more customers. Advertisements too can be displayed in a new and altogether different manner to make the customers buy the products in more quantities. To target each segment and attract more customers, products can be shaped, priced and advertised differently. Where Nestle comes in the picture, they should ad CONCLUSION After conducting the survey on consumer preference towards Cadbury chocolate bars, it can be concluded that consumers have more preference towards the Cadbury chocolate bars. Also it was a great experience learning the customer preference towards the chocolate as I came to know what they feel about the chocolate and also learn about the cholotate. Learning Through conduct of this research, following learnings were generated: Customers sensitivity towards each of the factors that are involved while purchasing the product was learnt in detail. Practical exposure to various psychologies of chocolate bar consumers. This led me to understand various perspectives of people and the psychology behind it. Understandings of various factors that lead to satisfaction or dissatisfaction in chocolate industry were learnt.

Agent Orange :: essays research papers

Throughout wars, armies are constantly introducing new technologies to stay ahead of their enemies. In the Vietnam War, the Americans used Agent Orange, so their enemies would be more visible. Agent Orange was a herbicide for warm, tropical climates and the American’s and Canadian’s started testing this chemical in the 1940’s, however, it was never tested on humans until nearly the end of the Vietnam War when it was finally discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals know as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. Then the final result was combined with kerosene and diesel fuel, creating TCDD or dioxins, which contained powerful carcinogenic chemicals. It was sprayed with helicopters, airplanes, vehicles and by hand on the Vietnam landscape. After the America troops started developing disease like syndromes, some faster then others, people began to question the impact of Agent Orange on the human population. Laboratories started to test Agent Orange on animals. This led to finding that the animals had contracted a wide variety of diseases, and many of them were life threatening. â€Å"A researcher with the New Jersey Agent Orange Commission in Trenton reported finding an average 10-fold excess of TCDD—roughly 45 ppt in fat –among 9-10 veterans who had been Agent Orange sprayers in Vietnam roughly 20 years ago.†[1] Some of these diseases included as Diabetes Mellitus (Type II), birth defects, Chloracne, Hodgkin’s disease, Multiple Myeloma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Acute and Sub-acute Peripheral Neuropathy, Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, Prostate Cancer, Respiratory Cancers and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma and with possibly several other serious diseases. The near end of the war, they finally realized th at Agent Orange was highly contaminated with amounts of TCDD. â€Å" The Stellman data show that veterans exposed to herbicides faced an increased risk of elevated blood pressure, benign fatty tumors, a wife’s miscarriage, visual and skin sensitivity to light and symptoms of depression, as compared, with veterans who were not exposed.†[2] Agent Orange was predominately used in Saigon, Bien Hoa and Cu Chi, these cities and towns received an estimated 19 million gallons. â€Å" The Environmental Protection Agency has called it ‘one of the most perplexing and potentially dangerous chemicals ever to pollute the environment.

Public’s perception of police Essay

Do you think the events of September 11, 2001, changed the public’s perception of police? Explain how and why. One believes the public perception has swayed from good to bad over years. For instance, right after the September 11th terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers, the mass loss of civilians, police, as well as fire department personnel gained public sympathy. The Cypress Times explains, â€Å"It remains the deadliest day in U.S. law enforcement history: 72 peace officers killed in the line of duty during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001† (Kouri, 2011). The public saw the loss of departments as well as law enforcement officers as heroes for the courage of trying to attempt to save lives and dyeing in action. These individuals were no longer just the people one would try to avoid such as with traffic tickets, these were the individuals society would recognize and come to thank. However, as society is not just one person and includes the minds of many came m uch debate. Along with such massive plot to kill Americans included the matter of who to blame for such attacks. Was the blame toward the lack of airport security and personnel by the airport police, the President of the United States or for the hijackers? Despite the blame game many laws were indeed enforced after the September 11th attacks on United States soil. The League for Revolutionary Party illustrates, Perhaps, many thought, September 11 would mark the beginning of a time when all Americans would stand together in unity and equality†¦. politicians passed new laws like the â€Å"USA Patriot Act† that greatly expanded police powers to spy, arrest and interrogate suspects (League for Revolutionary Party, 2011). Indeed, as many laws aim to help, one believes this would give police officers more leeway to employ powers of police actions. The League for Revolutionary Party further illustrates, â€Å"The pro-cop atmosphere fostered after September 11 gave the police a green light to beat, shoot and kill without fear of punishment or even much attention† (League for Revolutionary Party, 2011). One believes this is somewhat accurate as the attacks are very much imprinted in many individual minds, however, the thankful attitude of Americans shifted fast from the heroes of that day to the heroes that are currently deployed because of the September 11th attacks. No matter what there will always be bad cops; there were some before September 11th and after September 11th. The attacks had an effect but despite the attacks much of the public will believe police racially profile or are the bad guys that just give individuals tickets. Despite opinions, officers are there to serve and protect. References: Kouri, K. (2011, August 20). 72 Police Officers Killed On 9/11 To Be Remembered On 10th Anniversary. Retrieved from http://www.thecypresstimes.com League for Revolutionary Party. (2011, Fall). Police Terror since September 11. Retrieved from http://www.Irp-cofi.org

Prisoner rights Essay

Prisoner rights deals on the principle of prisoners being deprived their liberty when they should be entitled to basic rights. People who advocate for prisoners rights say that prisoners are deprived basic rights with cooperation of prison authorities. Prison authorities has problem turning blind eye to prisoners who are raped and assaulted where they fail in offering protection and allowing them to be assaulted and raped by their fellow inmates. Prisoners are not given sufficient medical care in case of medical conditions that are serious, they suffer in prisons without anyone to take care of them and some end up loosing their lives. When prisoners raise complaints about bad conditions, they are punished and are not given room to air their views. These make prisoners to suffer and they are not taken care of if they are in problems that need attention. Prisoners do not have freedom to express themselves, communicate to each other and to read materials that can enlighten them. This is depriving prisoners of their rights because, they are normal human beings and even though they have been imprisoned for doing wrong; their rights need to be respected. Prisoners do not have the right to sue their officials. This right has been taken away from them which make them to be mistreated by the official. They do not also sue the government for maltreatment and in case of injuries that result from prison authorities being negligent, they are not compensated. Inmates are deprived of their freedom of religion where they do not worship room the churches where they belong to. Prisoners do not have access to legal materials and do not have the right to access the courts. Prisoners are not fed well and their cloths are not in good conditions. (Palmer, 1984). Prisoners have right to good time credit and privileges. These privileges can be forfeited only if the prisoner is caught with serious misconduct where prisoner looses minimum procedures that are appropriate depending on the circumstances under which he has misconduct. If the prisoner behaves well while in prison, he enjoys the privileges of living a normal and comfortable life until his term in prison is over. The interests of prisoners are balanced with the prison valid interest in maintaining order, security and preventing guards from being retaliated by the prisoners and lowering tension in prisons. Some prisoners may be drug addicts who interfere with security in prisons. These prisoners should be handled with care so that may not cause tension in prison or harass the guards. Their behavior should be monitored every now and then and there is need to isolate them from the ones that do not cause chaos, this would be very necessary to both the inmates and officials. Prisoner has right to close analysis of regulations and statutes that are applicable before there can be transfer of prisoner from one prison to another and the harm that has been suffered by the transferee should be put into consideration. Before a prisoner is transferred, his records should be analyzed so that they can be presented to the prison where he is transferred to so that he can continue serving for the remaining term until his release from prison. If he suffers any harm in the course of transfer, he should be compensated accordingly. Davis, 1989). Prisoners with mental problems are supposed to be transferred to mental institution here their health condition is checked and they get the necessary treatment until their health condition comes back to normal. Prisoners without mental problems have the right to be separated from those with mental problems so that they may not be attacked or harmed by the ones with mental problems. This allows normal prisoners to feel secure while serving their sentence because they should not be exposed to any danger. Due process which is minimal requires process of revocation, parolee arrest and formal revocation. There are rights of parolee where following his arrest; there is informal hearing that determines reasonable grounds for the revocation of parole. Preliminary hearings are done in a reasonable manner to determine whether the parole should be arrested and there should be adequate sources of evidence which should be heard by someone who is not directly involved in the case. The parole should be given notice on the day when his case will be heard so that he can make the necessary preparations depending on the alleged violations in order to stand on his own behalf and give evidence. He should be given chance to examine the people who give adverse evidence that are against him unless it is needed not to reveal. Once the hearing is digested by the hearing officer, his decision should be based on adduced evidence at the hearing. Prisoners who have physical, sensory or mental disabilities have right to equal participation in the life of prison. They should not be refused to live like other prisoners even if they have disabilities because disability is not inability. Every prisoner has the right of not being bulled, abused or intimidated at any given time. Even if a prisoner has committed crime, the right legal procedure should be followed to make judgment but it is against the prisoner right to abuse them when they are imprisoned. The legal rights of prisoners include, rights to be visited by solicitor and have correspondence, right to begin court proceedings in person or by use of solicitor and present their case in court. Board for monitoring or a governor must avail themselves everyday to listen to complaints and requests of prisoners and reply to them in writing within a period of seven days. The prisoner should not explain why they are complaining but should only say the reason why it is a secret. This will make the prisoners be satisfied with the final judgment because, it shall have followed the right procedure until a fair decision is made. (Hall, 1971). Prisoners have the right to have newspapers, books, leaflets and information for all ethnic groups that are in prison that reflects their culture. This helps them to be informed about the day today activities and advancements in the country as they read the daily newspapers because even if they are in prison, they still belong to the country and knowledge of current affairs is very important to them. Books and other reading material help them to know the shared beliefs and values of the tribes where they belong and how to follow the good conduct and behavior expected of them by the communities where they originated before they were taken to prison. Prisoners have the right to prison medical service. When they fall ill, they need not consult their own doctor or dentist. These doctors provided in prison are experienced in their duties and they offer good quality treatment to prisoners after diagnosing the problem and administering the necessary treatment. Once the prisoners are treated, they have right to be given copies of their medical records so that they can use them for future reference if they required similar medical care. (Cooper, 2002). Prisoners have the right to have sometime set aside for exercise. The prison allows one hour each day for exercise and there are facilities available to be used for exercise although they are overcrowded most of the times. Evening classes are provided where prisoners who have attained school age have fifteen hours of vocational training or for education and there are teachers available to teach them. Many prisoners develop a career while in prison that is very helpful to them when they go out. This is because they are given training in areas where they are best talented and gain skills necessary to earn a living by either being employed or to begin self employment. Once convicted prisoners arrive in prison, they have the right to be visited immediately and thereafter, one visit after two weeks. Unconvicted prisoners can be visited on daily basis if the prison is able to facilitate this. Two letters can be sent every week by convicted prisoners where one of them is paid for by the prison and the other one they pay themselves. This serves as a good means of communication between prisoners and members of their families because they keep updating them on the progress in prison and to request for assistance needed. Prisoners have right to legislative reforms to prevent the deaths of Hepatitis C and HIV infected prisoners who are under healthcare providers in prison. Prisoners who are HIV positive are given the necessary medicines all the time to increase their chances of survival and Hepatitis C patients are treated. In 1980s, rising populations in prisons strained the budget of state and there was rise in budget of health care in prisons at fast rate. Budget of health care was stretched by prison officials. Different protocols were employed for treating prisoners who were infected and analyzing variation in protocols of treatment was difficult. (Armstrong, 1935). Prisoners have the right to marry and have families. Even if a person has committed crime, arrested and found guilty, he has the right to maintain his marriage and family even while he is in prison. He can not be denied a family because he has the right to have it at his own wish and take care of his children through providing for their daily bread the moment his term in prison is over. If the family breaks because some one has been imprisoned, it should not be the duty of court in that matter because, the family of the prisoner is separate from the case in hand. Prisoners have the right to be disciplined once they are found guilty of an offence. This discipline helps to mould the character and to teach the prisoner how to behave in manner that is acceptable by the law. The term a prisoner serves in prison should help to change his behavior for the better and teach him how to observe good virtues. If punishment is required to be administered to the prisoners, it should be done in the right manner and the prisoner should be told why he is being punished depending on the crime committed. Prisoners have the right not to be tortured. If a prisoner fails to give the information regarding the crime committed, torture should not be used to force him to disclose information that would act as evidence to the crime he committed. This is because, if he is tortured, he can give information which may not help in investigation in order to avoid any more torture. The prisoner should be allowed to provide evidence at his own free will and it is upon the judge to make the final judgment depending on the evidence provided. Prisoners have the right not to be discriminated according to the race or the ethnic group where they belong. In making judgment, there should be no favor or discrimination. This means that, rules and regulations should be in place so that there is fair judgment to all prisoners. Prisoners have the right not to be executed if they are found not guilty of any offence. If the prisoner is found not guilty after providing evidence before the court, he should be set free. There should not be payment of bribe for the prisoner who is found guilty to be proved not guilty. If a judge is found receiving bribes from guilty prisoners, he should face the law because bribery is prohibited in making the final judgment of a crime. (Washington, 1990).

idustry essays

idustry essays The European scene at the beginning of the eighteenth century is much different than it is today. Densely populated cities in countries such as England and France were merely farm towns two hundred years ago. What caused what used to be cultivated open fields to turn into populous towns? These question can all be answered and explained by the Industrial Revolution. The word revolution implies a suddenness of change that is not, in fact, characteristic of economic processes. But the phrase Industrial Revolution has long been used by historians and has become embedded in common speech (Ashton 2). A revolution implied by historians is just a change of the old way, not necessarily a fast change, or a violent overthrow. Englands Industrial Revolution does not have set dates. It is said that Englands Industrial Revolution began around 1780 with Britains prosperous colonies and expanding Atlantic economy. Some critics claim that there wasnt an industrial revolution, and some challenge the naming of the period. In Phyllis Deanes book, The First Industrial Revolution, she outlines three main points in which an economy which experienced an industrial revolution differs from its pre-industrialized counterpart. This essay will use Deanes three main points and prove that there was a revolution and the timing and naming are all appropriate. In Deanes book, the first point is industrial and social structure. In spite of the urban development associated with commerce and industry, the population of Europe was still predominantly rural in 1750. Agriculture was the chief occupation of the overwhelming majority of the people. Each family raised their own food and the materials for their clothing, such as wool, linen, and leather, and secured materials for building, furniture, and fuel from the communal waste or forest (Dietz 12). By 1850, Britain was certainly industrialized in ...

How to Understand Shakespeares Words

How to Understand Shakespeares Words For many, language is the biggest barrier to understanding Shakespeare. Perfectly competent performers can be paralyzed with fear when they see bizarre words like â€Å"Methinks† and â€Å"Peradventure† – something we call Shakespearaphobia. As a way of trying to counter this natural anxiety, we often begin by telling new students or performers that speaking Shakespeare aloud isn’t like learning a new language –it’s more like listening to a strong accent and your ear soon adjusts to the new dialect. Very soon you are able to understand most of what is said. Even if you are confused about some words and phrases, you should still be able to pick up meaning from the context and the visual signals you receive from the speaker. Watch how quickly children pick up accents and new language when on holiday. This is evidence of how adaptable we are to new ways of speaking. The same is true of Shakespeare and the best antidote for Shakespearaphobia is to sit back, relax and listen to the text spoken and performed. Modern Translations at a Glance Here are modern translations of the top 10 most common Shakespearian words and phrases. Thee, Thou, Thy and Thine (You and Your) It’s a common myth that Shakespeare never uses the words â€Å"you† and â€Å"your† – actually, these words are commonplace in his plays. However, he also uses the words â€Å"thee / thou† instead of â€Å"you† and the word â€Å"thy / thine† instead of â€Å"your†. Sometimes he uses both â€Å"you† and â€Å"thy† in the same speech. This is simply because in Tudor England the older generation said â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thy† to denote a status or reverence for authority. Therefore when addressing a king the older â€Å"thou† and â€Å"thy† would be used, leaving the newer â€Å"you† and â€Å"your† for more informal occasions. Soon after Shakespeare’s lifetime, the older form passed away!Art (Are) The same is true of â€Å"art†, meaning â€Å"are†. So a sentence beginning â€Å"thou art† simply means †Å"You are†.Ay (Yes) â€Å"Ay† simply means â€Å"yes†. So, â€Å"Ay, My Lady† simply means â€Å"Yes, My Lady.†Would (Wish) Although the word â€Å"wish† does appear in Shakespeare, like when Romeo says â€Å"I wish I were a cheek upon that hand,† we often find â€Å"would† used instead. For example, â€Å"I would I were †¦Ã¢â‚¬  means â€Å"I wish I were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Give Me Leave To (Allow Me To) â€Å"To give me leave to†, simply means â€Å"To allow me to†.Alas (Unfortunately) â€Å"Alas† is a very common word that isn’t used today. It simply means â€Å"unfortunately†, but in modern English, there isn’t an exact equivalent.Adieu (Goodbye) â€Å"Adieu† simply means â€Å"Goodbye†.Sirrah (Sir) â€Å"Sirrah† means â€Å"Sir† or â€Å"Mister†.-eth Sometimes the endings of Shakespearian words sound alien even though the root of the word is familiar. For example â€Å"speaketh† simply means â€Å"speak† and â€Å"sayeth† means â€Å"say†.Don’t, Do and Did A key absence from Shakespearian English is â€Å"don’t†. This word simply wasn’t around then. So, if you said â€Å"don’t be afraid† to a friend in Tudor England, you would have said, â€Å"be not afeard.† Where today we would say â€Å"donâ₠¬â„¢t hurt me,† Shakespeare would have said, â€Å"hurt me not.† The words â€Å"do† and â€Å"did† were also uncommon, so rather than saying â€Å"what did he look like?† Shakespeare would have said, â€Å"what looked he like?† And instead of â€Å"did she stay long?† Shakespeare would have said, â€Å"stayed she long?† This difference accounts for the unfamiliar word order in some Shakespearian sentences. I think it is important to note that when Shakespeare was alive, language was in a state of flux and many modern words were being integrated into the language for the first time. Shakespeare himself coined many new words and phrases. Shakespeare’s language is, therefore, a mixture of the old and the new.

African American Influences On American Popular Music Cultural Studies Essay

African American Influences On American Popular Music Cultural Studies Essay These days, it’s not uncommon to hear the fusion of different styles of music. In fact, American music is more integrated than before and showcases different music from around the world. Melding different styles of music was popularly done as early as the twentieth century with the growth of American popular music. One style of music that had major influence on popular music was African American music. At the time, American popular music was burgeoning with different styles of music; each style was distinct in its own right with different rhythms, melodies, textures, and performance styles. From 1930 to 1970, popular music can be traced to black music of the nineteenth and twentieth century as evidenced by the metric organization, scales, instruments, and performing styles that originated from African music. By recapitulating the influences of African American music on popular music, the impact that black music has had on various musical genres is shown. African American musi c was brought by slaves to the Americas and later adapted to European styles. Later, African American music would incorporate highly syncopated music and the features of ragtime. These features set the stage for more music to be created, and in time many of the characteristics of black music were embedded into other musical genres. In particular, the 1930’s-1940’s Big Band era; 1930’s country music; 1950’s-1960’s rock, used observable components of African American music. The music was not only influenced by the musical structure of black music, but by the performing styles of musicians. To adopt many of the African-American features, many musicians of the time had to re-invent or improvise the old with something new. These components lead up to the merging of different styles with African-American music. For many people, jazz is pleasant and enjoyable. One of the reasons it is because there are so many different sounds that come together to form t his music. In the Big Band era of the 1930’s, jazz, or swing, had become popular and incorporated the African elements of syncopation and riffs. Riffs, rhythms, and syncopations are just a few characteristics of African American influence on virtually all music, and jazz music in particular took this influence to a different level. (Campbell 70). What changed was that previously, in the early nineteenth century, ragtime was essentially syncopated music but was more in accordance with marching and piano music. Jazz is highly improvisational, which give way to more sounds and changes in rhythm, melody, and texture. The structure and metric organization of the jazz band was also influenced by African American music. In no other musical genre can one find the â€Å"call and response â€Å"style of music that was originated from African American music, and many genres have since borrowed from this method. Many jazz bands used â€Å"call and response† between the players a nd their instruments. This made the music much livelier, adding to the energy created by the fast- paced flow of jazz that appeared in the twentieth century. Four-beat counts were used in jazz music characteristic of black music in the earlier part of the twentieth century. This was the main foundation for jazz which also used percussions found in ragtime and African drum dance.

My life experiences as a LPN transition into RN Role Essay

My life experiences as a LPN transition into RN Role - Essay Example The outside world presents major opportunity and only demands for academic qualification in order to enjoy the fruit. Motivation from friends and work mates whom at my time as an LPN where registered nurses drove me to acquire knowledge and match their ability. My interpersonal skills and business ability has drove my desire to achieve the desired goal. Positive remarks from other registered nurses prompted me to inquire about institutions that offered the best services and my selection was best on quality and affordability. While seeking the additional academic credentials, I have endured many challenges. When making decisions, not all who surrounds an individual will be supportive. This was my case, in that some friends took time to discourage my ambitions and toyed around with my ideas. Some termed it as a waste of time and resources. My academic budget was single handedly raised by my immediate family. Working as a LPN was challenging, while practicing most of my colleagues took time to discriminate me because they had better academic qualification. A part from job discrimination I was subject to longer working hours as opposed to my RN colleagues. My religion was my reference whenever I faced challenges; my soft heart to appreciate humankind for who they are drove my ambitions beyond the near future. While pursing nursing my community is at heart. Beyond my academic qualifications and working a reputable organization, I plan to form a foundation that will enable young LPN transition to RN without constraining their budget. It is estimated that children world worldwide die due to lack of medical care. After graduating and acquiring the needed capital to start a foundation, my services will go beyond the boarders and welcome more people to pursue nursing. My aim is to spot and motivate those aiming at joining the fraternity to stay focused. While practicing, I learned how to

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains Essay - 1

Descriptive Statistics in Research Domains - Essay Example In the simplest terms, the mean represents the average of a group of data and is the most widely used descriptive statistic since further statistical analysis tends to depend on the mean and its variance (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The research under analysis examined the medical home model for its robustness as a predictor of â€Å"decreased utilization of health services and increased patient satisfaction† (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). Data was collected through 43 differentiated care practices that were being implemented under 7 different medical home model regimes in 5 different states in the United States. The overall sample set consisted of 42 children though most children were affected by more than one condition including chronic medical problems. The study is more exploratory than experimental since it seeks to establish the efficacy of an already implemented medical care system. The Medical Health Index (MHI) was utilized to measure the â€Å"medical homeness† of each medical home concept model (Cooley, McAllister, Sherrieb, & Kuhlthau, 2009). The research investigated various independent variables such as organizational capacity, condition management, care coordinatio n etc. in order to measure the MHI for each model. It was found that a higher MHI signified a more effective medical home concept model. Overall the study was easy to read and the assumptions were clearly spelt out to aid understanding. The mean is typically utilized in conjunction with the standard deviation to express the conformance of data to a centralized average. The internal validity of data can be established if the collected data tends to exhibit with a mean with a low standard deviation (Creswell, 2009). The mean was employed throughout the research being analysed for describing the total outcome for various variables and correlation levels. The mean for a particular variable is calculated by using the overall sample set and calculating its average.  

Portrait of Augustus of Primaporta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Portrait of Augustus of Primaporta - Essay Example Through this sculpture, Augustus meant to publicize his relationship with Athen’s authority and supremacy. Simultaneously, he meant to proclaim autocracy and progeny of God for himself and his family. The marble portrait of Augustus depicts an air of commandership with athletic perfection. His armour and angelic support (Cupid /son of Venus) on the side shows that he has been a significant ‘Imaginer’ by proclaiming association with God. His raised arm show how Augustus has been a leader and is followed by many in Rome. Simultaneously, his appearance and posture matches with ‘Spear- Bearer’ Statue. Therefore, he has youthful appearance and trim shaped body. Since Romans liked to show perfection with supernatural association, hence; this portrait contains Cupid holding onto Augustus side. Cupid is riding on a dolphin, which was a sign of his Navy. Therefore, this shows that his Naval army had supernatural aid. Since he also proclaimed that he is a descendent of God; thus, it was obvious to expect excellence in the statue as

You wil examne your daily routine and determine the CO2 that you Research Paper

You wil examne your daily routine and determine the CO2 that you generate as a result - Research Paper Example Digestion and Breathing: we are taught at high school that we all breathe to alive and carbon dioxide is the byproduct of the process of respiration. Keeping in mind today’s socio-political structure we can say that humanity is considered to be the emitter of carbon dioxide. The human population present across the world produces twice the amount of carbon dioxide that is being produced by all the passenger vehicles present in US by performing regular human activities such as digestion and breathing (Carbon Dioxide, 2013). According to a Spanish study, each human being emits about 2 tons of carbon dioxide during the process of digestion (Muà ±oz, Canals, & Fernà ¡ndez-Alba, 2010). Each day a person breathes about 20,000 times. The process of breathing takes place by the help of the respiratory system. Each time a person breathes he inhales O2 and exhale CO2, so one can analyze the large amount of CO2 that is emitted by a person every day (Carbon emissions per person, by country, 2009). Food for thought: The fridge which we use regularly emits large amount of carbon dioxide but what is present inside isn’t any better. The food in total makes up about 1.3 to 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide of our footprints, in a year. The food miles are the prominent contributor to this. The transportation of the fresh vegetables and fruits gives them carbon dioxide foot prints before they even reach to our homes. There are quarter of trucks present on the roads that carry raw material and food for the food industry. However another problem is the growing and processing of food. Heating greenhouses, manufacturing fertilizers and food processing are all considered to be major energy consumers. It is probably considered to be healthier step to buy green tomatoes from Spain than buying the ones growing in UK greenhouses with lots of fertilizers in it. Consuming Electricity: burning fossil fuel emits a large amount of carbon dioxide. Coal release double amount of

Assessment Event Documentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment Event Documentation - Essay Example The event is titled â€Å"An Investor-Consumers Forum for a Cancer-free Abu Dhabi’’ and will be hosted in Zayeed cricket stadium in Abu Dhabi owing to its large parking area on the west and east side of the stadium and athletic lane. The event is supposed to portray Abu Dhabi especially, western region as an investment hub while increasing awareness about breast cancer by running for cancer awareness. The previous year’s occasion for Abu Dhabi Investor Consumers Forum/Exhibition drew in more than 500 investors both internationally and locally. The event was welcome by the stakeholders and the sponsors which included the Fairmont Hotel, and Abu Dhabi distribution company (ADDC). Marketing of the event was done as an exhibition for entrepreneurial abilities and a forum for networking professionals, businesspersons and consumers alike. The event yielded much income from the purchase of wares by attendees. We therefore extend our special invitation to Baynounah Institute to be exclusive sponsor of this year’s event that will include women marathon to increase cancer awareness. It will represent free investment workshop and women marathon for breast cancer awareness. This will come with additional rights to the sponsors like being included in the advertisements both print, oral and view as the main sponsor. It will also give Baynounah Institute a chance to strategically position its tent and get mentioned in by every usher during the event to any new visitor. We are already working on increasing our social media presence as a way of doing publicity of the event. We have also designed banners bearing this year’s theme together with a portion we are locating to the name of the sponsor. Once we get a confirmation of the sponsorship, we will just place the institute’s name and print them in bulk. The same also applies to the print and television advertisements, which we have set aside

The Terms and Conditions In a Contract of Employment Essay

The Terms and Conditions In a Contract of Employment - Essay Example employment will contain essential information; the details of employer/employees, date of commencement of the contract, place of work, role and duties of the employees, rate and mode of payment, sick pay arrangement, holiday leaf and pay, pension schemes, and the different policies governing the employment deal (Legal Service Commission of South Australia, 2007; Direct Advice, 2011). An employment contract will be defined by the terms and condition of the contract. There is some difference between terms and conditions as referred to here. The terms of an employment contract define all that an employer and an employee will expect from each other (Directgov, 2012b). The employer and the employee(s) have to agree on these terms of contract (Direct Advice, 2011) and the changes have to be made through an agreement by both the parties. On the other hand, conditions of contract are solely issued by the employer without consulting the employees, and they have to be followed by the employee in the contract period (Direct Advice, 2011). The contract terms refer to individuals’ mutual entitlements whereas the conditions often points at the employers’ requirements of the employees. Thus, they are both necessary to define a contract. The conditions of a contract can be changed by the employer after a timely notice to the employees and all the other parties that may be affected by the changes. Failure to issue a prior notice is a breach of contract. It is necessary that both the employees and the employers understand all that is contained in the contract of employment and their implications. The employee and the employer should be aware of the legally binding aspects of the signed contract, which forms the terms of the contract. In the event that either the employee or the... An employment contract will be defined by the terms and condition of the contract. There is some difference between terms and conditions as referred to here. The terms of an employment contract define all that an employer and an employee will expect from each other (Directgov, 2012b). The employer and the employee(s) have to agree on these terms of contract (Direct Advice, 2011) and the changes have to be made through an agreement by both the parties. On the other hand, conditions of contract are solely issued by the employer without consulting the employees, and they have to be followed by the employee in the contract period (Direct Advice, 2011). The contract terms refer to individuals’ mutual entitlements whereas the conditions often points at the employers’ requirements of the employees. Thus, they are both necessary to define a contract. The conditions of a contract can be changed by the employer after a timely notice to the employees and all the other parties that may be affected by the changes. Failure to issue a prior notice is a breach of contract. It is necessary that both the employees and the employers understand all that is contained in the contract of employment and their implications. The employee and the employer should be aware of the legally binding aspects of the signed contract, which forms the terms of the contract. In the event that either the employee or the employer breaks some term of the contract, the other party has the legal right of suing him/her for breach of contract (Directgov, 2012b)

Assessment Event Documentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment Event Documentation - Essay Example The event is titled â€Å"An Investor-Consumers Forum for a Cancer-free Abu Dhabi’’ and will be hosted in Zayeed cricket stadium in Abu Dhabi owing to its large parking area on the west and east side of the stadium and athletic lane. The event is supposed to portray Abu Dhabi especially, western region as an investment hub while increasing awareness about breast cancer by running for cancer awareness. The previous year’s occasion for Abu Dhabi Investor Consumers Forum/Exhibition drew in more than 500 investors both internationally and locally. The event was welcome by the stakeholders and the sponsors which included the Fairmont Hotel, and Abu Dhabi distribution company (ADDC). Marketing of the event was done as an exhibition for entrepreneurial abilities and a forum for networking professionals, businesspersons and consumers alike. The event yielded much income from the purchase of wares by attendees. We therefore extend our special invitation to Baynounah Institute to be exclusive sponsor of this year’s event that will include women marathon to increase cancer awareness. It will represent free investment workshop and women marathon for breast cancer awareness. This will come with additional rights to the sponsors like being included in the advertisements both print, oral and view as the main sponsor. It will also give Baynounah Institute a chance to strategically position its tent and get mentioned in by every usher during the event to any new visitor. We are already working on increasing our social media presence as a way of doing publicity of the event. We have also designed banners bearing this year’s theme together with a portion we are locating to the name of the sponsor. Once we get a confirmation of the sponsorship, we will just place the institute’s name and print them in bulk. The same also applies to the print and television advertisements, which we have set aside

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay According to an economist the idea of development is a situation whereby there is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, leading to an increase in growth .but to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a country is regarded as developed when such increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the smallest group in the society. Where we don’t only calculate numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, both the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA. Nigeria the most populated country in Africa filled with its endowed natural resources, and according to the â€Å"united nations statistics Nigeria is the 8th most populous county in the world with a population of 2.3%† (UN 2011).but the country still suffers the decay of underdevelopment due to certain avoidable factors that stand as unavoidable. What actually is underdevelopment? W.A Lewis 1963 says that a country may be â€Å"underdeveloped in the sense that its technology is backward when compared with that of other countries or in the sense that its institutions are relatively unfavorable to investment, or in the sense that capital resources per head are low when compared with western Europe or in the sense that output per head is low or in the sense that it has valuable natural resources that has not yet begun use† (extracted by opafola 1996). Agreeing to what Lewis has said so well underdevelopment can be explored from another dimension which in a way he seemed to have ignored, it is a situation whereby the quality of life of the majority of its people is low. The causes or factors of Nigeria’s underdevelopment can be divided into 2 which are both external and internal. â€Å"External includes slavery, colonialism, neo- colonialism and the worldwide recession† (Rodney 1972), with which in my opinion is a fact for our underdevelopment the foundation. Also the internal factors include bribery and corruption, poor leadership, bad patriotism from citizens etc. which actually is avoidable. FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIA’S UNDERDEVELOPMENT 1. Bribery and Corruption This is the greatest factor that has put Nigeria where it is today, the issue of â€Å"corruption† this is an internal factor. According to the Longman dictionary of contemporary English new edition â€Å"corruption is define as dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power†. In Africa as a whole research has seen it that most African leaders are corrupt in nature, leading to their backwardness in development of their economy. Taking a cue from the late Attah Williams of Ghana, he executed all the corrupt leaders in Ghana for the stability of the country, and from recent news Ghana has taking a new turn in its development process (silver bird news 23rd august 2012). The issue of corruption is Nigeria’s biggest challenge that is eating into our economic growth leading to money laundering and looting of public funds meant for the improving living condition of citizens. Corruption now is found in every facets of the Nigerian system especially the political aspect has leaders steal for selfish gain. The transparency international corruption index 2011 ranked Nigeria 143th of 183 counties in the world that is developed, also on the scale of 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) Nigeria scored 2.4%, between 2010 and 2011 Nigeria’s position declined from 9 places scoring 2.4% from a possible 10 showing the greatest sign that efforts at correcting corruption had been very inadequate in the last year† (business day, Wednesday September 6 2011). This shows the height of corruption in our country, taking the story of the former governor James ibori of delta state who was jailed for 16 years for money laundering in April 2012 by the American judiciary after being discharged by a Nigerian court due to bribe for a case he was still found guilty. Nigeria’s problem is this menace and until there is a stop to it I wonder where we are heading to. 2.Neo-colonialism or imperialism This is an external factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment; it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it â€Å"promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism† (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has always been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping ground for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our own goods. Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our raw materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialism as we export our goods at the rate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude oil, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of technicality in transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy removal in January 1st 2012, even after which things haven’t changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012. 3.Poor leadership According to john c. Maxwell â€Å"leadership is about influence† and niyi adesonya sees it â€Å"as not just influence but also inspiration†. The idea of Nigeria’s leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the â€Å"national cake† and leaving the main aim of governance. Research has seen it that Africa is one continent whereby its leaders are older than the country itself and Nigeria is not left out, as most of our past leaders are much older than the country itself. The issue of poor leadership is also a contributing factor whereby due to corruption leaders make laws to favour their actions, as each time a ruler comes in seat we keep on amending the constitution to suite political parties, politicians make empty promise during election campaigns when put office little or nothing is done in such community and citizens keep suffering in squalor and begin to govern themselves providing the necessities for their comfort. Due to poor leadership the recent issue of flood all over most riverine area would have occurred, this is because a developed country would have been prepared to channel the water released from the Cameroonian dam into another dam. But since Nigerian political elites spend time on unnecessary things like the introduction of the 5000 naira note, citizens are homeless. Poor leadership is a contributing factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment, as the main issues are not critically tacked to solve other things. It has led to flamboyant spending of public funds whereby an average senator in the house of representative is paid unnecessary bills like the seating allowance, wardrobe allowance etc. aside the salary they earn, why won’t people kill to seat on political power? Nigeria is one country whereby the president earns more than the president of United States. As they continue to buy properties that they don’t need instead of investing in profitable business. 4.Bad patriotism This is also a causing factor for our underdevelopment from in my opinion, it is obvious that most Nigerians are aware of our backwardness and they don’t try to help matters instead they add to the problem itself. By disobeying or making difficult certain rules meant to help the country, this is because they believe it is another lie to eat from us. From the AIT news in August Hilary Clinton’s last visit to Nigeria in 2012, she told the president to have the will power of taking certain stringent rules and standing firm for example the handiwork of governor Fashola of Lagos state is termed credible as Lagos with its massive population is actually adjusting to change. This is because even as unpatriotic most Lagosians are governor Fashola still took a stand, Nigeria’s problem is also citizen built as persons no what is right and refuse doing it for no reason. REFERENCES Walter Rodney (1972) â€Å"How Europe Underdeveloped Africa† Dar-Es Salaam. Tanzania Publishing House. Lewis W.A (1963) â€Å"The Theory of Economic Growth† London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. S.O. Opafola (1996) â€Å"The Journal of Philosophy and Development† Vol.2, Ogun State University: Hope Publications. Onimode, B (1981) â€Å"Imperialism and Nigerian Development† In O. Nnoli Edition. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. Business Day Newspaper Wednesday September 6 (2011), Nigeria and Corruption Index United Nation Statistics 2011. AIT News august 2012.

The effect of background noise on free recall

The effect of background noise on free recall The effect of background noise upon free recall of visually presented words was investigated. A total of 60 participants were recruited for this psychological study. The experimental groups were the speech condition (N=20) and the whale sound condition (N=20) whereas the silent condition (N=20) accounted for the control condition. Participants were randomly assigned to each group. The speech, whale sound and silence accounted for the three levels of independent variable whereas the subjective free recall accounted for the dependent variable. This study formed two hypotheses. Hypothesis one proposed that more words will be recalled in the control condition than in the experimental conditions and hypothesis 2 proposed that fewer words will be recalled in the speech condition than both the whale sound and silent condition. The present investigation employed a between groups design. One way ANOVA showed that participants in the control condition (M = 12.85 SD = 2.97) significantly recall ed more words than the whale sound experimental (M= 9.05 SD =2.13) and the speech conditions (M= 9.65 SD= 3.49) (p= Key words: working memory, free recall, silence, whale sound, speech Investigation into background noise and participants free recall performance Background noise has been established to be among the most notable forms of interference in the in offices and educational settings causing stress and discomfort for workers and learners and affecting performance (Hugh Jones 2001). Background noise from aircraft, road traffic, and trains have all been shown to impair learning (Enmarker, Boman, Hygge 2006; Hygge, 2003; Wible, Nicol, Kraus, 2004 in McNeil). The working memory model proposed by Salame and Baddeley (1990) constitutes of the visuo-spatial system and phonological system, however, the memory system that is concerned with verbal visual and auditory presentation is the phonological store. The phonological store, together with the process of articulatory rehearsal constitutes what is unknown as the phonological loop (Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003). Prominent psychologists have investigated the phenomenon of background noise and its interference with the working memory processes and recall impairment. For example, Salame Baddeley (1982 in Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003) argued of the irrelevant speech effect which refers to a reduction in the immediate recall of lists of presented items when irrelevant auditory material is presented together with the items to be memorized (Gisselgard et al, 2003). Salame and Baddeley argued that irrelevant sound effect interferes with the temporary storage of verbal material within a phonological input store of limited capacity (Gisselgard, 2003). Jones (2004) also argues that auditory verbal stimuli have direct access to phonological system whereas visual verbal has indirect access whereas the visual verbal stimuli endeavour a process of sub vocalization before passing through the articulatory suppression system. (Jones, Macken Nicholls (2004: the phonological store of working memory). Other psychologists argue that the irrelevant speech will interfere with the representations of list items if and only they are being held within the phonological store. However, during the rehearsal process (articulatory suppression), the irrelevant sound effect may be abolished (Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar, 2003), therefore not impairing word recall. Beaman Jones (1998) acknowledge that one of the earliest explanations produced for the irrelevant sound effect was the acoustic primary memory masking hypothesis (Colle Welsh, 1976) which postulates that irrelevant auditory stimuli have the action of masking phonologically recoded visual stimuli in an acoustic primary memory store. According to this approach, the items lose their distinctiveness by being masked, making their retrieval difficult (Beaman Jones, 1998). Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones (2001), on the contrary, argue that as the memory task and irrelevant speech are presented in different sensory modalities, the effect cannot be attributed to some kind of interference (or masking) at sensory level as suggested by Colle and Welsh( 1976). Instead they argue that this disruption must be attributable to: A confluence of processing from the ear and the eye at some level beyond the sensory organs; this can be explained as a breakdown in attentional selectivity. Despite the intent of the person to concentrate on the memory task, the irrelevant sound intrudes therefore impairing recall. (Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones, 2001) Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones (2001) suggest that interference results from the similarity of events represented in memory, a phenomenon known as phonological similarity. One subtype proposes that the disruption is based on a conflict of content between what is seen and what is heard. This may be through similarity (phonological similarity) in the identity of the irrelevant sound to the items being rehearsed (Salame Baddely 1982 in Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones 2001) through shared temporal cues or through degree of overlap of modality-independent features in the irrelevant speech with the items in the visually presented to-be-recalled list (Neath, 2000 in Banbury, Macken, Trenblay Jones 2001). The phonological similarity is particularly relevant in this study as a back ground speech by Martin Luther King, in English will be employed and administered in the background. It is worthy of acknowledgement that irrelevant sound hypothesis has been predominately investigated for serial recall (Lecompte, 1994 Beaman Jones, 1998). The irrelevant speech effect has been found to effect and disrupt the learning of list of words in a sequential order and Salame and Baddeley (1990) did establish that background noise was disruptive. However, free recall has also found to be affected by the irrelevant sound (Beaman Jones 1998). In light of this, the present study will investigate the irrelevant sound hypothesis through assessing free recall of subjects. Moreover, Studies (Beaman Jones, 1998 have shown that the irrelevant sound effect does equally effect serial or free recall, without distinction. For example, in testing the free recall and the irrelevant speech effect, Lecompte (1994) study found that a) irrelevant speech inhibited free recall more than white noise. In addition Lecompte (1994) had found an effect on irrelevant sound on free recall in four cond itions (Lecompte, 1994). This is also supported and acknowledged by Beaman Jones (1998). The present study will be employing whale sound as one of the independent variables although animal sound with relation to memory recall impairment have been investigated by Neath Surprenant (2000) (the nature of remembering) In other studies, the irrelevant speech effect was not found in free recall (Salame Baddeley, 1990 in Lecompte, 1994). Although there is substantial research which has found that noise disrupts learning, there is however some other investigations which established that background noise had a facilitative effect on learning as oppose to a detrimental effect dependent upon the level and frequency of the noise and subjective ratings of levels for interference (Hughes Jones, 2001). It is noteworthy that although Salame and Baddeley (1989) used Japanese speech in the background which accounted for the irrelevant speech the present study will use English Martin Luther King speech. Use of English narrative as an independent variable has also been investigated. For example, Jones, Miles and Page (1990 in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) performed an investigation in which forward, reversed (English narrative) and Welsh (narrative) irrelevant speech were contrasted. Each produced a large and almost identical effect on the recall of consonant strings. In another study (in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) irrelevant Italian and English produced a similar degree of impairment (Morris, Jones Quayle., 1989 in ibid) the psychologists argue that the phonological similarity effect isnt the cause of poorer recall as Salame and Baddeley (1989 in Jones, Madden Miles, 1992) have argued. The aforementioned mentioned study by Jones et al (1990) demonstrates that background speech which is similar to the language of the listener will be equally disruptive when compared to other languages such as Welsh. Oswald et al (2000 in Hughes Jones, 2001: the intrusiveness of sound) tested participants comprehension of sentences of meaningful speech, meaningless speech and in quiet. They found that performance was worse in both speech conditions relative to quiet, but most noticeably, meaningful speech was more disruptive than meaningless speech. This study therefore supports Salame and Baddeley (1990) similar phonological effect hypothesis with relation to interference and disruption, which will also form one of the hypothesis for the present study. Amidst the scope of studies already performed in the domains of irrelevant sound effect and its effect upon the phonological working memory, this present study too, aims to investigate whether or not the background speech and whale sound will impair recall for words presented visually. Method Participants A total of 60 participants were recruited for this psychological research. Each of the eight investigators for this study recruited eight participants. The control or silent condition comprised of 20 participants, the whale sound condition comprised on 20 participants and the Martin Luther King speech condition comprised of 20 participants. All these participants were randomly assigned to each of the eight investigators. All of the participants were over 18 and no other demographic variable such as specific age group or gender was considered in this present study. The participants were either related or associated with the investigators. Design variables A between subjects experiment design was employed. Participants were randomly allocated to each group. This study used one independent variable with three levels of background noise which were silent, speech, and whale sound. The silent condition was the control condition whereas the speech and whale sound were the experimental conditions. The dependent variable is the number of words correctly recalled by the groups. The noise level of the speech and whale sound was 66 -70 decibels. The present study employed the free recall methodology. Hypotheses Recall of words will be higher for the silent (control) condition than the whale sound and speech sound (experimental) conditions. This accounts for hypothesis 1. The recall of words will be lower in the speech sound condition compared to both the whale and silent conditions to investigate the phonological similarity effect and its effect of interference with information processing and recall. This therefore accounts for hypothesis 2. Stimuli and materials Martin Luther King speech (experimental condition 1); Whale sound (experimental condition2); Silence (Control condition); 20 words were selected from the Toronto Word Pool with neutral but similar levels of concreteness and imaginability. The lower level of imaginability and concreteness ranged from 1 to 3 and high ranged from 5 to 9 but the words selected were at level 4.font was Ariel size 12. The format of the words was a visual presentation of in a list form. Procedure Participants were briefed and informed consent was obtained prior to commencement of experimentation. In the silent (control) condition the participants were presented with the words. Participants learned the words for 3 minutes. Participants were then given a further 3 minutes to recall the words followed by debrief. In experimental (1) whale sound and experimental (2) speech conditions participants were presented with words and were allowed 3 minutes to learn the words accompanied with either background whale sound or speech. A further 3 minutes were given for the written free recall of words followed by debrief. In the brief the participants were informed of the whale and speech background noise, neither any approach to learn the words was mentioned. Other background interferences and auditory disruptions, other than the intended noise were kept to a minimum. Results The effect of background sound (silent, speech, whale sound) on recall of words was examined using one-way subjects ANOVA. It was expected that participants in the silent condition would recall more words than the participants in the speech and whale sound condition. The mean scores revealed that more words were recalled in the silent condition (12.85 SD = 2.97). There was almost equal number of words recalled in the whale sound (M= 9.05 SD=2.13) and the speech condition (M=9.65 SD=3.49). There was significant difference between the recall scores of the control and experimental conditions F (2, 57) = 9.748, p0.05). Participants in the speech condition recalled significantly less than the silent condition (Mean difference = -3.2 p=0.05). Therefore this experiment supports the hypothes1 and therefore the null hypothesis will be rejected. Lower recall in the speech condition compared to the silent but similar levels of recall compared to the whale sound condition partially supports hypo thesis 2. Condition Recall N Mean Standard Deviation Silent 20 12.85 2.97 Whale 20 9.05 2.13 Speech 20 9.65 3.49 Total 60 10.51 3.33 Table 1 shows the mean score for each group together with their standard deviations. The silent condition recalled the most number of words and the whale and speech conditions scoring the similar number of words. Sound Sound Mean Difference Sig. Alpha 0.05 Silent Whale 3.80 0.00 speech 3.20 0.00 whale Silent -3.8 0.00 Speech -.60 0.79 speech Silent -.32 0.03 whale .6 0.79 Table 2 Multiple comparisons showing the scores of each group, inclusive of mean difference and their significance. There is a significantly larger difference between Silent compared to whale and speech conditions. There is a significant difference between whale and silent condition but not with speech condition. There is a significant difference between speech and silent but not with the whale condition. This test supports hypothesis 1 expected the recall for words in the control condition to be higher than the experimental thus supporting the experimental hypothesis and rejecting the null hypothesis. However, there is not a significant difference between the speech and whale noise condition therefore as fewer words were recalled in the speech condition compared to the silent condition and assessing that there is not a significance recall difference when compared to the whale noise condition only partially supports hypothesis 2. Recall Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. ÃŽÂ ·p2 Between Groups 166.933 2 83.46 9.74 0.000 0.25 Within Groups 488.050 57 8.56 Total 654.983 59 Table 3 is showing the between and within groups mean scores and shows that the differences between the groups is significant (p= Discussion This present study attempted to investigate the effect of background sound on recall for words. The investigation manifested that overall the recall for the control (silent) condition was higher than the experimental (whale sound and speech) conditions. Therefore is supportive of the hypothesis 1 of this study and of the irrelevant sound hypothesis, and therefore rejecting the null hypothesis. The minor partial eta square effect is also noteworthy showing that the independent variables did not greatly affect the participants recall of words. In relation to the phonological similarity effect due to the administration of English words and English speech, it was found that articulatory suppression in the speech condition did not abolish the phonological similarity effect as well as the irrelevant speech effect which are known to impair the processing and retrieval of visually presented words. This is evident through lower production of words in the Speech condition. Therefore this study has supported the phonological similarity effect and its impairing effects upon processing visually similar verbal information. This investigation has shown that the practice of rehearsal or articulatory suppression did not abolish the both the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant sound effect. The abolishment the phonological similarity hypothesis through articulatory suppression is well documented by Gisselgard, Petersson, Baddeley Ingvar (2003). The findings of these results can therefore be extended to the wider world where people are reading verbal information and listening to verbal auditory concurrently, albeit individual differences can also be taken into consideration. It was acknowledged that hypothesis 2 was partially supported because even though significantly fewer words were recalled in the speech condition than the silent condition but the difference is not statistically significant when compared to the whale sound condition. This finding is therefore also interesting as animal whale noise had equal level of disruption than human verbal speech. Despite the interesting findings, this study however, does have some limitations. This present study didnt take into consideration other individual variables such as age, gender. Considering these variables could yield further complimentary or contradictory results which could be subjected to empirical analysis. In a study performed by Ellermeier Zimmer (1997) individual difference was found with relation to susceptibility to the irrelevant speech effect. One study demonstrated that males and females perform differently in the presence of music when undertaking different tasks and exercises (Miller Schyb, 1989). In future studies, demographic variables and specific sample can be considered to ensure more reliable and valid results. Moreover, this present study did not take vocal or instrumental music as an independent measure and variable, although these variables may also be critical. Therefore, in future studies the inclusion of music condition and how background music facilitate s and impairs learning can also be considered. Hillard and Tolin (1975), for example, showed that if the background music was well-known to the subject, they performed better on the given task than when unknown music was present. The domains of familiarity and unfamiliarity of music can therefore, also be explored. Moreover, in another study, the psychoacoustics found that music that contained speech had significant detrimental effects on the participants ability to perform tasks (Martin, Wogalter Forlano, 1988). Extensive studies can be performed in light of all of the aforementioned variables.

Leading Quietly Essay -- Business and Management Studies Essays

Leading Quietly Leading quietly is the ability to influence individuals or groups toward the achievement of goals. Quiet Leadership, as a process, shapes the goals of a group or organization, motivates behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and helps define group or organizational culture behind the scenes. It is primarily a process of influence. Quiet leaders carrier a sixth sense and one who can envision the changing processes in the sense that, while influence is always present, the persons exercising that influence may change. Possession of influence depends upon the situation and upon the relevancy of the individual's skills and abilities to the situation. For example, if a particular individual has the expertise that is required to solve a problem, then that individual may be assumed to have some degree of influence over others. Quiet leaders are realist. They try hard to see the world as it is quiet leaders almost possess a sixth sense (Badaracco, p 11) I have so many ideas of what qualities a quiet leader should have that I often feel overwhelmed and cannot imagine how achieve these skills. There are many ingredients of effective leadership styles. I have read several books and articles on leadership and management. I have also participated in a few leadership training/education modules offered through my employers. There are many theories on what makes an effective or quiet leader. In the book, leading quietly, quiet leaders see the world as a kaleidoscope rather than a fixed target or a well-mapped terrain. Quiet leaders value trust, but they don’t forget how fragile it can be (Badaracco, 12). In my research, I discovered that there are many leadership styles and most are effective if used in the right situations. The directing leadership style would be needed for new hires, or less competent employees that show commitment and a desire to be productive. The employees at this development level would require very clear directions, and a lot of supervision. The atmosphere must be controlled and structured until these employees develop some competence. In today’s work force, many managers lead by the use of email. Instructions and guide lines are provided by connecting to online databases (Maccoby, 39). The coaching style would be useful for existing employees who have lost their sense of commitme... ...ers may feel a more positive association with the company. Companies that show a concern for their employee’s personal growth may find that employees will feel obligated to do a better job for the company. In conclusion, leadership is about service. The greater the ability to serve the needs of others, the more powerful and effective, are the actions of the leader (Cashman, p.23). While leaders lead by virtue of whom they are, leaders create value by virtue of their service. Leadership can be thought of as the dynamic process of assessing our unique potentialities to serve the needs of others like employees, co-workers, and customers. Works Cited: Blanchard, Kenneth, Patricia Zigarmi, and Drea Zigarmi. Leadership and the One Minute Manager. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1995. Kelly, Kevin, You can’t Make Leaders. Business Week 07 Dec. 1998: Enterprise My Company. Business Week Online Archives. Cashman, Kevin. Leadership in Business Today. Business Journal Serving Fresno. April 1998, i322295, p.23-47. Badaracco, Joseph. Leading Quietly. Harvard Business School Press, 2002. Maccoby, Michael, The Leader. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981.

Geroge Patton :: Essays Papers

Geroge Patton I am going to talk about the Patton’s life in general. This includes his child hood, education, his military career, and his involvement in the world wars. George was born on a ranch on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He went to school in Pasadena and later to the Virginia Military Institute from 1903-1904. He was not a good student, but he was an excellent sailor. He was also a great track athlete. He took part in the Olympics at Stockholm in 1912 and set a world record in target shooting. He also won first or second place in swimming, horsemanship, and racing. On May 26, 1910 George married Beatrice Ayer of Boston. They had 1 son and 2 daughters. The son went to West Point in 1942 and both daughters married army men. In 1904 he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1909 and was commissioned to second lieutenant of Calvary. He was first involved in an expedition in Mexico as an aide to General Pershing in 1917. He was a member of Pershing’s staff and went to France and studied French Tank Tactics and the French Tank School. During World War 1, he started a tank training school and commanded a tank brigade. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courge, energy, and intelligence in directing the advance of his brigade in 1918. From 1919-1928, he commanded and trained several different brigade units around the United States. From 1928-1931, he served in Washington D.C. as the Chief of Calvery. He commanded many different calvalry units from 1932-1938. During this time he earned the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During World War 2, he commanded U.S. forces in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily. In 1944 he was given command of the third army. The third army broke through the German defense and advanced across France. In March 1945, they crossed the Rhine river Geroge Patton :: Essays Papers Geroge Patton I am going to talk about the Patton’s life in general. This includes his child hood, education, his military career, and his involvement in the world wars. George was born on a ranch on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He went to school in Pasadena and later to the Virginia Military Institute from 1903-1904. He was not a good student, but he was an excellent sailor. He was also a great track athlete. He took part in the Olympics at Stockholm in 1912 and set a world record in target shooting. He also won first or second place in swimming, horsemanship, and racing. On May 26, 1910 George married Beatrice Ayer of Boston. They had 1 son and 2 daughters. The son went to West Point in 1942 and both daughters married army men. In 1904 he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1909 and was commissioned to second lieutenant of Calvary. He was first involved in an expedition in Mexico as an aide to General Pershing in 1917. He was a member of Pershing’s staff and went to France and studied French Tank Tactics and the French Tank School. During World War 1, he started a tank training school and commanded a tank brigade. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courge, energy, and intelligence in directing the advance of his brigade in 1918. From 1919-1928, he commanded and trained several different brigade units around the United States. From 1928-1931, he served in Washington D.C. as the Chief of Calvery. He commanded many different calvalry units from 1932-1938. During this time he earned the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During World War 2, he commanded U.S. forces in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily. In 1944 he was given command of the third army. The third army broke through the German defense and advanced across France. In March 1945, they crossed the Rhine river

Running Head: Reframing Non-informational Matters

Reframing Non-informational MattersOther than her immediate advisors or the cabinet members the governor should seek advice from a criminology expert, local administrators, prosecutors and law enforcement officers. Her task force should contain the following appointees; the head manager who will oversee all the activities of the task force is running smoothly and report to her. A Criminology specialist who will advise on crime reduction, prevention and stop. Government prosecutors, local administrators who will mobilize people and talk them out of crime during meeting and the law enforcement officers and the operational staff in general.The language and metaphor she should use in her presentation to the individuals she would ask to serve on the task force should vary with the level of service and education but the message at the end of the day should be one. The top individuals in the task force should be spoken to in the horizontal communication. They should look and see the governo r as their leader. They should work very hard to ensure that the plan becomes efficient and effective. The governor should however speak to the lower appointee in a polite manner and ask for their cooperation and support to curb crime in the community. This is because the lower force men are the ones that interact more often than not with the layman. One of the metaphors she would use is prevention is better than cure. Her request can be worded differently to each potential member but should bring out the same meaning to each of them so that during their next meeting they can all be signing the same song .with the same goals and objectives that is success.The governor should announce her plan to the public in a simple and clear manner. She should be convincing and should also support her plan so as to win the public into believing it will work. Asking of questions to the public and requesting them to cooperate and help enhance the plan to succesed.She should fluently elaborate to th e public the merits of the plan if it pulls through.Her briefing to the media should be short and exact to the point. She should give the media a general over view of the plan and during the rest of the briefing process she should be busy asking the media rhetoric questions as well as using metaphor to defend herself and the plan again from their accusions.Examples she would use; Don’t you think that this plan if successful it kill two birds with one stone. Do you need a crime free Utopia or not? Do you think this plan will work out? Some of the tough questions she will get include; why didn’t you pick another way of getting fund? Who advised you on that strategy madam governor? How much expenditure shall your appointed team use during planning  Ã‚   and implement action of the plan. How will other nations react to your opinion of reducing criminal sentences and wouldn’t the criminal level increase due to this factor.One of the barriers of communication accord ing to   (Stan S.,David .K., John .K, 2003 p85)   is denial of information. For example the message may conflict with our personal beliefs or values. This factor may affect the law enforcement officer who beliefs that the criminal must be punished but the idea of preventing crime is new it might be ignored by some causing the plan not to work as supported to. Another barrier is lack of motivation or interest in communicating and interest in the message. The manager for example is supposed to be given a feedback of the progress of the plan from the lower workers. These messages are in a memo form. If the memos become very many the manager may lose the interest to read them that way communication barrier is created.Non-credibility of the source. The police force in is known to be very corrupt in their day to day work. If the police bring information to other members of the force e.g. the criminology expert may not believe the message due to their lack of credibility. This barrier is created. Use of complex channels of communication is another barrier to effective communication among the workforce. Important information does not reach the lowly workers because the transmission process is slow.These barriers can be overcome through the following techniques. In the case of lack of motivation. The manager would choice another form of communication like the fax machine which would give audio messages. This would motivate and interest him to know what the people are saying. In the case of non-credibility of the source the appointed law enforcement officers should strive and shun corruption and the group should also put down law to stop the vices. The lack of communication skill should be avoided by the individuals lacking the skills going through an academic training, formal education should also be given as well as streetwise language taught. A less complex communication channel should be created to allow for all members access information quickly.The plan should first be written down on a piece of paper. It should then be drawn in a diagram to show how co-operation of and the personnel in implementing it. The plan should then be produced into hard copies and given to the operational staff.Get one of the eloquent speakers with good communication skills.The elaborate the operational personnel showing them the job and how you wish the job to be done. Speak clearly on the part to be played by each operational staff. Elaborate on the means through which feedback is to be given to the manager as each person works to achieve the goals and objectives of the plan.The general barriers to communication that will exist among task force members and level of policy makers, administrators, middle managers, down to the operational staff are: communication skill as they are of different educational level, complex communication channel leading to poor transmission of information. Poor organizational climate is another barrier that generally affects the memb er of levels bringing about gossip.References;Kreps,G.Organizational Communication.2nd ed. New York: Longman, 1990.Farace, R.,Monge,P.and Russell, H.Communicating and Organizing.New York;Random House, 1977.

Ethics – Moral Principles

The term ethics is defined as a system of moral principles. When incorporating ethics with business it is extremely difficult to determine what is considered moral or immoral, as well as what is judged as justice in society. One viewpoint on this topic opposes justice can be compatible with business. The other viewpoint believes there is a line that draws between good and bad; it really depends upon the motive of the action. Is business ethics possible in our present day society? Matigari, a short story written by Ngugi wa Thiong’o, shows it is evident that Ngugi was trying to make it clear that ethics would be impossible in a democratic society. The main character in the story, whose name is Matigari, is continuously searching for truth and justice. â€Å"My friends! Can you tell me where a person could find truth and justice in this country? † (Ngugu, 1989) were his exact words when approaching people. The crowds would all look at him as if he were speaking nonsense. Matigari feels as though the democratic world in which he is living was created upside down. The builder sleeps in the open, the worker is left empty-handed, the tailor goes naked, and the tiller goes to sleep on an empty stomach† (Ngugu, 1989). He wonders where truth and justice lies in this world; for even those who farm are starving. His search leads him to a meeting called by the Minister for Truth and Justice. The real truth can be found within the oppressed. He had bui lt his own home, yet it was still taken away from him; it is a clear example of a capitalist private property. Matigari favours the labour theory of property, which gives labourers the right to own their own land. It is clearly not ethical to take one’s land away in which he or she worked upon. It is evident Matigari believes in the labour theory of property; whereas the government enforces a capitalist private property. The labour theory of property is a natural law theory that holds that property originally comes about by the person doing the labour upon natural resources. Land in its original state would be considered not owned by anyone, but if someone were to apply his or her labour to the land it would become their property. On the other hand, private property is central to capitalism (Samuels, 2002). Under capitalism, private hands control basic assets and productive resources. The major economic decisions are made by individuals or groups acting upon their own pursuit of profit. This is what the government has done; they have created the society into private property. For this reason, Matigari has declared for the labour theory of property to be sought out. The Kantian ethics believes all moral duties, maxims, or certain rules of conduct can be labelled either wrong or right. Act only on that maxim which you can will to be a universal law† (Macmillan, 1972). The universal law is fundamental. What is considered part of this universal conduct should be clear to everyone throughout the world. For example, rules that allow murder and cheating etc. cannot be part of the moral code. However, rules such as do not commit murder can be classified as a moral duty. Kant states one should only follow princip als that are morally correct. Moral rules are those that can be followed by people consistently throughout the world, no matter where one lives. Furthermore, the reward of virtue is not happiness but dignity and freedom (Macmillan, 1972). Kant tries to explain that when one is righteous and true, happiness is not the given prize, but one would receive self-respect and liberty instead. Real freedom means obeying no laws but only those that can be legislated as universal moral laws. Both viewpoints touch upon the topic of fear when it comes to ethics. â€Å"There is too much fear in this country†¦ Too much fear breeds misery in the land† (Ngugu, 1989). This so called fear in the story, Matigari, tries to explain that fear causes a society to become unjust. If everyone was too afraid to confront someone in which he or she were doing something unmerited then this injustice will continue. The democratic government is used as an example in the short story. All the citizens are too afraid to stand up to the prejudiced government; therefore, no changes were made until Matigari had no anxiety and fear of the government. In addition, the opposing viewpoint also speaks of fear in a society; although it is not exactly the same. No one ever obeys laws because they are scared but because one is morally trying to follow the universal moral laws. Freedom and fear cannot coincide when trying to make moral decisions. The Kantian viewpoint is one that is more comprehendible than the viewpoint found in the short story Matigari. It is agreeable that one can find ethics in business. A universal moral law is one that is shared throughout the world and would be agreed upon by all people from all nations. Due to the fact that there are many different cultures there is a â€Å"golden rule† to be found in all the great religions (Macmillan, 972). The golden rule is part of the moral code of anything that is judged as a moral principle. Being agreeable in all religions and cultures it would definitely be ethical to follow these rules of moral conduct. Such rules such as â€Å"thou shall not kill† (Lintin, 1999) can be found in the bible; it is part of the moral code. It is like an unwritten rule that everyone on this earth can understand that it is wrong to murder a human being. To a certain extent there is such thing as ethics when it comes to business and how a society should be run.